Preparation For the position of Project Manager in NGO

Management

1.    What is Management
Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, motivating, controlling and coordinating the efforts of organization members and using of all other organizational resources efficiently and effectively to achieve stated organizational goal/objectives.
- Petar Drucker
2.    Management functions:
1.    Planning,
2.    Organizing,
3.    Leading,
4.    Motivating,
5.    Controlling and
6.    Coordinating
3.    Management Role:
Inter personal role:     Figurehead, leader and liaison.
Informational Role:     Monitor, dissemination and spoken.
Decisional role:     Entrepreneur, disturbance handle and resource allocation
Supervisory role:     Action plan, leave, achievement and office management
4.    General skills is essential for good manager .these are as—
•    Conceptual skill
•    Technical skill
•    Human relations skill
•    Administrative skill.
•    Communication skill
5.    What is definition of Manager?
A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary.
6. What is Leadership how many styles of leadership?
Describe characteristic of leadership?
Answer:
leadership:
Leadership means ability to guide / direct/ organize a group or community according to clear plan in order to reach a goal or solve a problem or for management of an issue. For some leadership qualities in a in a person, he/she is identified as a leader to others.
how many styles of leadership?

 Who is leader?
  A leader is a person who possesses some special characteristics. A leader helps others to follow the right track, and organizes them to attain a specific  goal or bring about a change.
Describe characteristic of leadership?

•    Responsible
•    Sympathetic
•     Educated
•    Able to lead community
•    Able to Coordinate
•    Has organizing ability
•    Patient
•    Spirited
•    Neutral
•    Honest
•    Able to take right decision
•    Flexible
•    Co operative
•    Organize others to achieving something.
 69. Planning:
Generally planning is to achieve the specific objective set of activities in relation to the specific time.
The following question should be answered in the work plan. Those are 5W & 1H.
W = what will be done?
W = When it will be done?
W = Why it will be done?
W = Where it will be done?
W = who it will be done?
&
H = How it will be done?
A complete work plan should follow SMART Criteria.
To setup planning Objectives we have to consider SMART for measurement of objectives SMART is –
                   S= Specific
                   M= Measurable
                   A= agreed
                   R= Realistic
                   T= Time bound

Right Based Approach

Rights based approach:
Rights based approach is a process to emphasis the technique and support to people by receiving of rights. RBA explain the root cause of poverty, risk and vulnerability.
Why RBA:
•    Establishment of rights.
•    Root cause of poverty, injustice, vulnerability and misfortune.
•    Equality and equity.
•    Capacity building.
•    Transparency, accountability and responsibility.
•    Personalities and values.
•    Equal justifications.
•    Relation builds up with deferent partners, stakeholders and CBO etc.
•    Sustainable development.
•    Reduce discrimination from the society.
•    Established the rules of law.

What is basic difference between NBA and RBA?
Need Based Approach (NBA)    Rights Based Approach (RBA)

1. Focus to symptom    1. Focus to root cause.
2. Analysis to condition    2. Analysis to position
3. Implementation through the project or sectored intervention.    3. Implementation through the program, liaison, networking, federation and alliance.
4. Limited work within the community.    4. Work with deferent groups, organizations, civil societies and the state.
5. Service to direct.    5. Work with personalities and values to decision making stage.
6. Assist to community    6. Assist build up the capacity of communities and create good leaders.
7. Short time result oriented.    7. Long time results.
8. Move alone     8. Move together
7. What do you mean by community mobilization? What is community participation? What is citizen monitoring?
 Answer:
Community mobilization  is a process that brings together all possible social power groups to make the people aware about a common  problem and  solve it with their active participation so that they become self reliant . Community participation means develop ownership, community driven activity, raise their voice and fulfil with own capacity and resources.

Steps of mobilizations:-
•    Problem identification.
•    Ranking the problem
•    Prepare problem oriented plan.
•    Identify strength ,weakness, opportunity of implementation
•    Involve community with planning stage
•    Implementation of planning by help of community
•    Progress monitoring through participatory way
•    Evaluation

What is Citizen monitoring:
   It is a new concept of development field.  To monitor the project activity through citizen of that community is called citizen monitoring. They will monitor the quality of work .Positive side of citizen monitoring is capacity build up, develop ownership, ensure community participation and sustainability of programme.

8. What do you mean by Gender and equality? What is equity? What is RBA? How could we mainstreaming RBA, Gender, and equality in programming?
 Answer:
Gender:
 Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, expectations and definitions a given society considers appropriate for men and boys
e.g women do house hold chores.



 Equality:
 Equality is about recognition that every individual and group has equal entitlement to dignity and respect in the realisation of human rights and access to resources. e.g rights to health ,rights to access to land ,health services.

Equity:

Equity is explicitly about concerns of fairness and social justice. To ensure fairness measures must often be available to compensate for warranted disadvantages. Equality involves access to equal opportunity and the development of basic capacity. Equity implies   participation of all people in processes of development and the application of a gender perspective in all our activities.

RBA:

 RBA is human rights based approach is a conceptual framework for the process of human development that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights.
 

Women Empowerment

Women Empowerment:

Woman Empowerment means enough control on her life and livelihood; take decision herself, capable to express her opinion and control on resources.
Why Women Empowerment? 

Women play a central role in the family and community. Women empowerment is necessary for the shake of development because development and empowerment are synonymous. In the process of alleviating poverty it was observed that meaningful development is not possible keeping the women folk out of mainstream of development. Women are the most backward and undeveloped section of the society. So development programs by passing women invariably fail. Now it is the globally recognized that women empowerment is the much important in the process of development.  
Area of women empowerment:
1. Social:
•    Participation with social activities.
•    Participation with rights based activities and initiatives.
•    Unity with groups
•    Enhance knowledge through education.
2. Economical:
•    Security of income
•    Partnership with productive resources.
•    Capacity of business dealing/marketing.
•    Savings.
3. Political:
•    Participation of local institution.
•    Relation or liaison with political power.
•    Capacity building on politics.
•    Establishment of rights.
4. Cultural:
•    Excellency and freely exercise of own art and culture.
5. Organizational:
•    Popularity/introducing of nation or unique.
•    Build up representative.
•    Participation of good governance.
•    Make organizational pillar.
6. Physical elements:
•    Geographical identity.
•    Infrastructural facilities.

Team

Team:
A team has two or more people; It has a specific performance objective or recognizable goal to be attained and coordination of activity among the members of the team is required for the attainment of the goal or objective.
Key factors of team development:
•    Commitment
•    Trust
•    Purpose
•    Communication
•    Involvement
•    Process oriented.

Training and Facilitation

Training:
Training may define as the sharing of knowledge, attitude and skill between the trainer and trainee.

Training means to give solution to the people need knowledge and attitude.

Training means the learning of behavior change for doing something.
Training Report:
1.    Introduction:    Training needs, Participants, Objective, Place, Budget and Schedule.
2.    Training methodology: Strategy follow, Method use, Time, Facilitation and Monitoring.
3.    Training out come: Participants views, Observers views and Trainers views.
4.    Expenditure report:
5.    Recommendation:
6.    Conclusion:   

Facilitation:

Facilitation is a process of creating favorable environment so that the participants can participate actively to exchange their views, ideas and opinions to achieve certain objectives.

Facilitation is an art which accelerate the session using the improved questioning to stimulate the participants and which encourage the participants to actively listen to each other interact, create new ideas, analyze them and learn.


15. What are the major challenges to work with GOB?
  Answer: challenges:
•    Lack of resources
•    Inadequate  facilities
•    Demand financial support
•    Ensure involvement and accountability

16. To implementation of Project what resources will need?
Answer: Effective implementation of project depends on some essential elements these are as follows
•    Budget
•    Human resource
•    DIP
•    Logistics

Conflict resolution:
Conflict defines as a situation of competition in which the parties are aware of incompatibility of potential future positions and in which each party wishes to occupy a position which is incompatible with the wishes of the other”.
 Conflict usually proceeds through five stages:-
•    Diagnose the root cause of conflict, then search for possible solutions.
•    Think twice replacing a member, who is not a team player.
•    Discourage cliques (grouping) from forming.
•    Persuade private /team discussion for handling individuals’ difficult behaviour.
•    Encourage members to forgive each other
9. How to generate qualitative report?
Answer: 
Report is a presentation tool of project progress and it’s a secondary source of research. So report is important for manager for better management of the programme.
In general steps of a good report is-
•    Title of the report.
•    Reporting period.
•    Report prepared on and submitted to with date.
•    Introduction of the report.
•    Main body of the report.
•    Learning point
•    Strength side of reporting subject
•    Need to improve content
•    Recommendation
•    Conclusions
•    Next planning
What is Livelihood?
 Livelihoods: Focus on poverty reduction interventions on empowering the poor to build on their opportunities, supporting their access to assets and developing an enabling policy and institutional environment.
What is Economic Development?
 Economic Development: Economic development is the process whereby real per capita income of a country increases over long period time.
Economic Development Indicator?
1.    Increase income
2.    Available work facilities
3.    Increase buying capacity
4.    Huge production
5.    Increase trade
6.    Poverty reduction
Economic Development Challenges ?
1. Environment 2. Policy 3.Poverty 4. Capital 5. Disaster

What is it Community Development?
 Community development is an accomplished process and part of its advance is the belief that communities cannot be helped unless they themselves agree to this process.  Community development has to look both ways: not only at how the community is working at the grass roots, but also at how open key institutions are to the needs of local communities.
What is Advocacy?
 Advocacy is a process to enable social justice advocates to gain access and voice their opinion in decision making, to pressure public attitudes and to get about, enact and apply laws and public policies which will take society closer towards being just and logical.
How can organizations benefit from community mobilization?
 The most important benefit is doing something to help address an issue impacting their community to save valuable resources. By getting involved, community and organizations, development professionals and policy makers will jointly take actions that should result in the elimination of problems in their community.
Beyond the great satisfaction and achievement of eliminating problems, community mobilization can position your organization as a leader in the community, possibly bringing in new resources.
What is empowerment?
Empowerment aims to use specific strategies to reduce, eliminate, combat and reverse negative valuations by powerful groups in society affecting certain individuals and social groups.
Millennium Development Goal/ Declaration?
 In 2000, 189 nations made a promise to free people from extreme poverty and multiple deprivations. This pledge became the eight Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. In September 2010, the world recommitted itself to accelerate progress towards these goals.
1.    Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2.    Achieve universal primary education
3.    Promote gender equality and empower women
4.    Reduce child mortality
5.    Improve maternal health
6.    Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7.    Ensure environmental sustainability
8.    Develop a global partnership for development

 What is ECD?
ECD refers to a comprehensive approach to policies and programmes for children from birth to eight years of age, their parents and caregivers. Its purpose is to protect the child's rights to develop his or her full cognitive, emotional, social and physical potential.
What is budget?
An estimate of costs, revenues, and resources over a specified period, reflecting a reading of future financial conditions and goals.
One of the most important administrative tools, a budget serves also as a (1) plan of action for achieving quantified objectives, (2) standard for measuring performance, and (3) device for coping with foreseeable adverse situations.
What is food security?
Food Security means that all people at all times have physical & economic access to adequate amounts of nutritious, safe, and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced in an environmentally sustainable and socially just manner, and that people are able to make informed decisions about their food choices.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals?
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
These 17 Goals build on the successes of the Millennium Development Goals, while including new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another.
The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations. They provide clear guidelines and targets for all countries to adopt in accordance with their own priorities and the environmental challenges of the world at large. The SDGs are an inclusive agenda. They tackle the root causes of poverty and unite us together to make a positive change for both people and planet. “Supporting the 2030 Agenda is a top priority for UNDP,” said UNDP Administrator Helen Clark. “The SDGs provide us with a common plan and agenda to tackle some of the pressing challenges facing our world such as poverty, climate change and conflict. UNDP has the experience and expertise to drive progress and help support countries on the path to sustainable development.”
1.    End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2.    End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
3.    Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4.    Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all
5.    Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6.    Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7.    Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
8.    Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
9.    Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
10.    Reduce inequality within and among countries
11.    Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12.    Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13.    Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
14.    Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
15.    Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
16.    Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17.    Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development